Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration
1750 to 1900
Chapter 21:
1. Enlightenment 2. Benjamin Franklin 3. George Washington 4. Joseph Brant 5. Constitutional Convention 6. Estates General 7. National Assembly 8. Declaration of the Rights of Man 9. Jacobins 10. Maximilien Robespierre 11. Napoleon Bonaparte 12. gens de couleur 13. François Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture 14. Congress of Vienna 15. Revolutions of 1848 Questions for Review: 1. Defend the proposition that the Enlightenment represents more than an intellectual phenomenon. Trace the roots of the Enlightenment, and explain why and how it manifested itself in a revolutionary tradition. 2. Describe the major wars fought among European imperial powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and identify the major consequences of these wars. 3. After defeating the French in North America in 1763, what two major problems did the British face with respect to the American colonies? 4. The armed forces of the American colonists were small, poorly equipped, and often poorly led. How were those colonists able to defeat Great Britain, which ranked as one of the foremost military powers in the world at that time? 5. What was the nature of the fiscal crisis that triggered the French Revolution? 6. Why was Napoleon's reign so popular with the French? How did the extension of Napoleon's empire lead to the Congress of Vienna? 7. What were the causes of the revolution in Saint Domingue? 8. The Enlightenment as a social and intellectual movement impacted many segments of society. How did this movement affect women in the elite and common classes during the revolutions? 9. What role did the Congress of Vienna play in restoring political stability to Europe in the post-Napoleonic era? How did it relate to the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment? 10. Why was control of the Mediterranean, particularly Spain and Portugal, so critical for Napoleon? 11. Napoleon's invasion of __________ led to his decline. 12. Examine Map 21.1 and discuss the difficulties of getting France out of Canada after the French and Indian War. What advantages did the French have against the British? Page: 598 13. Examine Map 21.1 and describe the major battles and turning points in the war. Why did the British lose the American Revolution, despite the fact that they won most of the battles? Page: 598 14. Review Map 21.2 and list Napoleon's allies and enemies. Why was the attack on Russia so disastrous? Page: 609 15. Review Map 21.3 and describe the location of the hemisphere's second successful slave rebellion, Saint Domingue. Within Saint Domingue, show the locations of important battles, as well as the territories controlled by troops of all nations at some point during the struggle. Include the dates of the battles and the dates when the territories you indicate were under this control. Page: 611 Chapter 22: 1. Industrial Revolution 2. agricultural revolution 3. mass production 4. Josiah Wedgwood 5. division of labor 6. mechanization 7. Richard Arkwright 8. Crystal Palace 9. steam engine 10. James Watt 11. electric telegraph 12. business cycle 13. laissez faire 14. positivism 15. utopian socialism Questions for Review: 1. Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Britain rather than in another country? 2. Explain the effects of the agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution. 3. What five revolutionary innovations made possible the Industrial Revolution? Give one example of each of these innovations, and describe how each was adapted. 4. How do you account for the spread of industrialization outside of England in the nineteenth century? 5. What was the environmental effect of the Industrial Revolution? 6. Describe the working conditions encountered by women and men during the Industrial Revolution. 7. Why was transportation such a critical feature of the Industrial Revolution? 8. How were colonialism and European imperialism related to industrialization? 9 Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the population grew because of 10. Using Map 22.1, examine the locations of industrial development, population growth, railroads, and coal deposits. Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in England. What gave England a “head start”? Page: 623 11. Using Map 22.1, explain the process of urbanization in England and how this correlates with the growth of industrialization. How did urbanization affect transportation development? Page: 623 12. Examine Map 22.2, and analyze the interconnection between railroads and the growth of trade. Why was there comparatively little industrialization in southern France, Switzerland, Italy, or the Austrian Empire? Page: 631 Chapter 23: 1. Simón Bolívar 2. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 3. José María Morelos 4. Confederation of 1867 5. personalist leaders 6. Andrew Jackson 7. José Antonio Páez 8. Benito Juárez 9. Tecumseh 10. Caste War 11. abolitionists 12. acculturation 13. Women's Rights Convention 14. development 15. underdevelopment Questions for Review: 1. To what extent did the independence movements in Latin America draw inspiration from, and ultimately come to resemble, the American and French Revolutions? What, on the other hand, were the factors that were unique to these colonies and that ensured that their revolutions followed their own distinct trajectories? 2. Compare and contrast the revolutionary movements in Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil. 3. Problems associated with regionalism were important in shaping Latin American nations as well as the United States. Compare and contrast the significance of regionalism throughout the Americas. 4. What was the effect of independence and the end of colonialism on Amerindians? Consider former British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies. 5. Discuss the significance of railroads in transforming the Western Hemisphere. How did railroads affect Latin America, the United States, and Canada? 21. Discuss the process of abolishing slavery in the Americas. Did the movement for abolition of slavery differ in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean? 6. Define and discuss the patterns of economic development and underdevelopment in the Americas. What regions enjoyed economic development during the nineteenth century, and what were the major components of that development? What regions remained underdeveloped, and why? 7. What was the nature of immigration to the Americas in the nineteenth century? What were some of the problems and contributions of immigration? 8. What factors led to the alteration of the American environment? How was the environment altered? 9. The military campaigns of what European leader pushed the colonies of South America toward independence? 10. Using Map 23.1, identify the new countries that emerged by 1840. In addition, locate the territories still under the control of colonial powers in 1840. Page: 649 11. Using Map 23.1, locate the areas of the United States that belonged to Mexico, and explain how this situation changed after 1848. Compare with Map 24.3 and discuss how this change fueled the U.S. motivation for westward expansion.. Page: 649 12. Using Map 23.2, discuss the Confederation of 1867 and how the borders of Canada were changed as a result. Page: 655 13. Refer to Map 23.3 and identify the largest territorial expansions during the period from 1800 to 1850. What made this expansion possible? Page: 658 14. Refer to Map 23.3 and show the European and American nations that were expelled from North America by the United States. How was this expulsion accomplished? Page: 658 15. Refer to Map 23.4 and explain why railroad growth increased so much at the end of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century. Why does it seem so concentrated in the middle of the country? Page: 672 Chapter 24: 1. Muhammad Ali 2. Janissaries 3. Serbia 4. Tanzimat 5. Crimean War 6. extraterritoriality 7. Young Ottomans 8. Slavophiles 9. Decembrist Revolt 10. Opium War 11. Bannermen 12. Treaty of Nanking 13. treaty ports 14. most-favored-nation status 15. Taiping Rebellion Questions for Review: 1. What were the results of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt? How did Egypt respond to this European aggression? 2. The challenges that land-based Eurasian empires faced from European sea-based empires were very similar. The solutions they attempted were not. Compare the situations of the Ottoman and Qing Empires in the nineteenth century and their responses to the European challenge. 3. The Janissary revolt in Serbia and the execution of Selim III taught Ottoman leaders that reform had to be more systematic. The Ottoman response was the Tanzimat. Describe those reforms and evaluate their effectiveness. 4. What was the “Eastern Question” and how did it bring about European and Russian intervention in Ottoman affairs? 5. What were the long-term significant outcomes of the Crimean War? 6. Discuss the factors within China and among the Chinese people that explain the powerful British presence in China by 1842. 7. Nineteenth-century Qing China suffered from both foreign intrusion and social unrest. What was the most obvious demonstration of the Chinese people's dissatisfaction at midcentury? Explain in detail the causes and results of that unrest. 8. The Ottoman Empire was dealt a heavy blow when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his followers took control of the cities of 9. Refer to Map 24.1 and discuss the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Was it the “sick man of Europe” as Tsar Nicholas proclaimed? Describe how different parts of the empire gained independence. Discuss the rivalry with Russia in the nineteenth century. What were Russia's goals? How did geography figure into Russia's ambitions in the Balkans? Page: 683 10. Refer to Map 24.1 and locate Egypt. What European nation invaded Egypt at the end of the eighteenth century? What led to the modernization of Egypt and the expansion of Egypt into Syria? Page: 683 11. Using Map 24.2, explain why most of the rebellion in the Qing Empire took place in the southern part of the country. Why was there comparatively less rebellion in the western and northern ranges of the empire? Page: 696 Chapter 25: 1. Zulu 2. Sokoto Caliphate 3. modernization 4. Muhammad Ali 5. “legitimate” trade 6. recaptives 7. nawab 8. sepoy 9. British Raj 10. Sepoy Rebellion 11. durbar 12. Indian Civil Service 13. Indian National Congress 14. clipper ship 15. contract of indenture Questions for Review: 1. Discuss the process by which the Zulu kingdom and the Sokoto Caliphate were created. How typical were these examples of African state-building in this era? 2. What support is there for the argument presented in your text that the South Asian people were more affected by Europeanization in this time period than were the Africans? 3. How did West Africans react to the end of the Atlantic slave trade? 4. What impact did industrialization have on the process of colonization in Africa and Asia? 5. To what extent were the peoples of Africa and Asia “victims” or “losers” in the story of imperialism? 6. What was the nature of the “secondary empires” in eastern Africa in the nineteenth century? Be as specific as you can be in your answer. 7. Explain the major aims of British raj policy in India 8. What were the significant factors involved in the Sepoy Rebellion, or the Revolution of 1857, as Indian historians refer to it? 9. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the nature and size of Britain's overseas empire had changed dramatically. Describe the changes that took place between 1750 and 1850, using the eastern part of the empire as an example. Include Australia and New Zealand in your answer, and explain why those colonies were unusual in this period. 10. After slaves were freed, how did British and other plantation colonies fill their needs for labor? Where did the laborers come from? Be as specific as possible. 11. Tipu Sultan took advantage of the conflicts in Europe to challenge which nation's hold on the region of Mysore as the base of the East India Company? 12. Using Map 25.2, locate Bombay and explain why the British found this a significant territory from which to operate. How did it compare to the other two major centers of British power, Calcutta and Madras? Page: 717 13. Refer to Map 25.3 and indicate the territories and colonies controlled by the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese, and Spanish before 1850. Include the name of the territory or colony, the nation that claimed it, and the year when that nation assumed control. Page: 725 14. Refer to Map 25.3 and discuss how Australia and New Zealand were colonized by the British. Page: 725 Chapter 26: 1. Commodore Matthew Perry 2. Thomas Edison 3. Victorian Age 4. “separate spheres” 5. socialism 6. labor unions 7. Karl Marx 8. anarchist 9. nationalism 10. liberalism 11. Giuseppe Garibaldi 12. Otto von Bismarck 13. Empress Dowager Cixi 14. Meiji Restoration 15. Yamagata Aritomo Questions for Review 1. New technologies in the latter half of the nineteenth century revolutionized everyday life and transformed the world's economy. What were some of those new technologies, and how did they affect society? 2. Why did the populations of Euro-American cities grow so fast between 1850 and 1914, and how did technological transformation in those cities affect urban life? 3. Describe the origins and aims of labor movements and socialist politics in the late nineteenth century. 4. Describe the lives of upper-, middle-, and working-class women in English-speaking countries between 1850 and 1914. 5. Describe the role of nationalism in the creation of Germany, both before and after 1871. Include a summary of liberal and conservative nationalism in your answer. 6. Explain the reasons for mass migrations during the late nineteenth century. 7. Compare and contrast the influence of Europe and the United States on China and Japan between 1850 and 1914. 8. What were the immediate and the long-term results of the Tokugawa Shogunate's response to the threat of Euro-American invasions? 9. What metal is a special form of hardened and strengthened iron? 10. Using Map 26.1, describe how Camillo di Cavour united northern Italy and Giuseppe Garibaldi united southern Italy. Page: 755 11. Using Map 26.2, explain what methods Bismarck used to unite Germany against France and Austria--to form a German nation by “blood and iron.” Page: 757 12. Using Map 26.3, discuss the Japanese path to imperialism. What was the Japanese “sphere of influence”? What areas were colonized? Also indicate the major Japanese manufacturing centers and railroad systems between 1889 and 1918. Page: 759 Chapter 27: 1. Suez Canal 2. New Imperialism 3. Battle of Omdurmanx 4. colonialism 5. “scramble” for Africa 6. Henry Morton Stanley 7. King Leopold II 8. Berlin Conference 9. Afrikaners 10. Cecil Rhodes 11. free-trade imperialism 12. Panama Canal Questions to Review: 1. What were the political, cultural, and economic reasons for the New Imperialism practiced by the United States and Europe? 2. What were some of the technological advances that allowed European nations and the United States to conquer vast new territories? 3. Briefly describe the nature and manner of late-nineteenth-century European colonial administration. How was the cooperation of indigenous peoples important to colonial administration? 4. Why was the “scramble for Africa” achieved so quickly? How was it accomplished in various stages? 5. What role did religion play in colonialism and the New Imperialism? 6. How did the New Imperialism affect Southeast Asia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii? What impact did the Suez Canal have on imperialism in that region? 7. Describe imperialism in Latin America from 1869 to 1914. What was “free-trade imperialism”, and how did it operate? When and why were more direct methods of imperial rule utilized? 8. One purpose of the New Imperialism was to extend the European and U.S. economic spheres into tropical environments, which supplied products not available in temperate climates. Describe the world economy and the demand for the products of tropical environments during the New Imperialism. |
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Scramble for Africa Essay
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